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We explore the connection between migration patterns and emergent behaviors of evolving populations in spatially heterogeneous environments. Despite extensive studies in ecologically and medically important systems, a unifying framework that clarifies this connection and makes concrete predictions remains much needed. Using a simple evolutionary model on a network of interconnected habitats with distinct fitness landscapes, we demonstrate a fundamental connection between migration feedback, emergent ecotypes, and an unusual form of discontinuous critical transition. We show how migration feedback generates spatially non-local niches in which emergent ecotypes can specialize. Rugged fitness landscapes lead to a complex, yet understandable, phase diagram in which different ecotypes coexist under different migration patterns. The discontinuous transitions are distinct from the standard first-order phase transitions in statistical physics. They arise due to simultaneous transcritical bifurcations and exhibit a “fine structure” due to symmetry breaking between intra- and inter-ecotype interactions. We suggest feasible experiments to test our predictions.